Human adipose derived stem cells (hASCs) have been seeded onto polymer microarrays that had been fabricated utilizing a wide range of acrylate monomers to find novel substrates that induced differentiation in direction of chondrocytes and osteoblasts.
Stream cytometric evaluation confirmed that each CD105 and CD49d optimistic hASCs elevated quickly with passage quantity on the lead polymers, whereas quantitative PCR evaluation confirmed that the substrate synthesized from methacryloxyethyltrimethyl ammonium chloride, N,N-diethylaminoethyl methacrylate and cyclohexyl methacrylate enhanced chondrogenesis and osteogenensis some Four and 25 occasions respectively when it comes to the expression of SOX9 and ALP in differentiated stem cells. These copolymers substrates thus have nice potential for utility within the purification, era and enlargement of outlined hASC’s and the managed differentiation of of cells for potential medical utility.
Roles of apoptotic chondrocyte-derived CXCL12 within the enhanced chondroclast recruitment following methotrexate and/or dexamethasone therapy
Intensive use of methotrexate (MTX) and/or dexamethasone (DEX) for treating childhood malignancies is understood to trigger chondrocyte apoptosis and progress plate dysfunction resulting in bone progress impairments. Nevertheless, mechanisms stay obscure and it’s unclear whether or not MTX and DEX mixture therapy might have additive results within the progress plate defects. On this research, important cell apoptosis was induced in mature ATDC5 chondrocytes after therapy for 48 h with 10-5 M MTX and/or 10-6 M DEX therapy. PCR array assays with handled cells plus messenger RNA and protein expression affirmation analyses recognized chemokine CXCL12 having essentially the most distinguished induction in every therapy group.
Conditioned medium from handled chondrocytes stimulated migration of RAW264.7 osteoclast precursor cells and formation of osteoclasts, and these stimulating results have been inhibited by the neutralizing antibody for CXCL12. Moreover, whereas MTX and DEX mixture therapy confirmed some additive results on apoptosis induction, it didn’t have additive or counteractive results on CXCL12 expression and its features in enhancing osteoclastic recruitment and formation.
In younger rats handled acutely with MTX, there was elevated expression of CXCL12 within the tibial progress plate, and extra resorbing chondroclasts have been discovered current on the border between the hypertrophic progress plate and metaphysis bone. Thus, the current research confirmed an affiliation between induced chondrocyte apoptosis and stimulated osteoclastic migration and formation following MTX and/or DEX therapy, which may very well be doubtlessly or not less than partially linked molecularly by CXCL12 induction. This discovering could contribute to an enhanced mechanistic understanding of bone progress impairments following MTX and/or DEX remedy.
Fraxetin inhibits interleukin-1β-induced apoptosis, irritation, and matrix degradation in chondrocytes and protects rat cartilage in vivo
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a illness characterised by degeneration of the joint complicated on account of cartilage destruction. Fraxetin, a broadly used and studied coumarin compound extracted from a standard Chinese language herb (Qin Pi), has proven anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, however its results on OA haven’t been studied. Within the current research, western blotting, immunofluorescence, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) have been used to guage the results of fraxetin on IL-1β-induced apoptotic exercise, inflammatory responses, and catabolism in rat chondrocytes.
The outcomes confirmed that fraxetin prevented IL-1β-induced apoptosis of chondrocytes and inhibited inflammatory mediator launch by regulating the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/myeloid differentiation major response 88 (MyD88)/nuclear issue (NF)-κB pathway in chondrocytes. Moreover, fraxetin suppressed the upregulation of matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP13) and degradation of collagen II within the extracellular matrix (ECM).
Furthermore, the results of fraxetin in vivo have been assessed in a monosodium iodoacetate (MIA)-induced rat mannequin of OA utilizing hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and Safranin O-fast inexperienced staining and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The outcomes confirmed that fraxetin protected the cartilage in opposition to destruction. In conclusion, fraxetin may very well be a possible therapeutic for OA.
Bioinspired Mineralization Utilizing Chondrocyte Membrane Nanofragments
Biomineralization includes complicated processes and interactions between natural and inorganic issues, that are managed partly by the cells. The goals of this research have been, first, to carry out a scientific and ultrastructural investigation of the preliminary mineral formation throughout secondary ossification middle of mouse femur primarily based on materials science and biology viewpoint, after which develop novel biomaterials for mineralization primarily based on the in vivo findings. First, we recognized the very preliminary mineral deposition at postnatal day 5 (P5) on the medial facet of femur epiphysis by nanocomputed tomography. Preliminary minerals have been discovered within the environment of hypertrophic chondrocytes.
Apparently, histological and immunohistochemical analyses confirmed that preliminary mineralization till P6 was primarily based on chondrocyte exercise solely, i.e., it occurred within the absence of osteoblasts. Furthermore, electron microscopy-based ultrastructural evaluation confirmed that cell-secreted matrix vesicles have been absent within the early steps of osteoblast-independent endochondral ossification.
As a substitute, chondrocyte membrane nanofragments have been discovered within the fibrous matrix surrounding the hypertrophic chondrocytes. EDS evaluation and electron diffraction research indicated that cell membrane nanofragments weren’t mineralized materials, and may very well be the nucleation website for the newly shaped calcospherites.
The phospholipids within the cell membrane nanofragments may very well be a supply of phosphate for subsequent calcium phosphate formation, which initially was amorphous, and later remodeled into apatite crystals. Lastly, synthetic cell nanofragments have been synthesized from ATDC5 chondrogenic cells, and in vitro assays confirmed that these nanofragments might promote mineral formation.
Asparagine Nitrate Medium |
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| M724-100G | EWC Diagnostics | 1 unit | EUR 36.74 |
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Description: Asparagine Nitrate Medium |
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Asparagine Nitrate Medium |
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| M724-500G | EWC Diagnostics | 1 unit | EUR 146.85 |
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Description: Asparagine Nitrate Medium |
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Motility Nitrate Medium, Buffered |
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| M630-100G | EWC Diagnostics | 1 unit | EUR 15.17 |
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Description: Motility Nitrate Medium, Buffered |
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Motility Nitrate Medium, Buffered |
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| M630-500G | EWC Diagnostics | 1 unit | EUR 46.08 |
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Description: Motility Nitrate Medium, Buffered |
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Motility Nitrate Medium, Buffered |
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| M630I-500G | EWC Diagnostics | 1 unit | EUR 46.08 |
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Description: Motility Nitrate Medium, Buffered |
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Mannitol Motility Nitrate Medium |
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| M1320-500G | EWC Diagnostics | 1 unit | EUR 38.54 |
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Description: Mannitol Motility Nitrate Medium |
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Tryptone Nitrate HiVeg Medium |
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| MV364-100G | EWC Diagnostics | 1 unit | EUR 13.42 |
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Description: Tryptone Nitrate HiVeg Medium |
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Tryptone Nitrate HiVeg Medium |
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| MV364-500G | EWC Diagnostics | 1 unit | EUR 33.1 |
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Description: Tryptone Nitrate HiVeg Medium |
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HiDip TSA-Asparagine Nitrate Medium |
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| HD048-10TB | EWC Diagnostics | 1 unit | EUR 24.83 |
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Description: HiDip TSA-Asparagine Nitrate Medium |
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HiDip TSA-Asparagine Nitrate Medium |
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| HD048-5TB | EWC Diagnostics | 1 unit | EUR 14.54 |
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Description: HiDip TSA-Asparagine Nitrate Medium |
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Mannitol Nitrate Motility Medium |
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| 48939 | Sisco Laboratories | 100 Gms | EUR 7.7 |
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Description: Part D |
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Mannitol Nitrate Motility Medium |
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| 48939-1 | Sisco Laboratories | 500 Gms | EUR 28.22 |
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Description: Part D |
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Motility Nitrate HiVeg Medium, Buffered |
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| MV630-500G | EWC Diagnostics | 1 unit | EUR 46.08 |
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Description: Motility Nitrate HiVeg Medium, Buffered |
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Urea Indole Medium |
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| 58028 | Sisco Laboratories | 100 Gms | EUR 8.55 |
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Description: Part D |
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Urea Indole Medium |
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| 58028-1 | Sisco Laboratories | 500 Gms | EUR 34.21 |
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Description: Part D |
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Urea Indole Medium |
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| LQ126-25X3ML | EWC Diagnostics | 1 unit | EUR 10.27 |
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Description: Urea Indole Medium |
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Urea Indole Medium |
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| LQ126-50X3ML | EWC Diagnostics | 1 unit | EUR 18.02 |
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Description: Urea Indole Medium |
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*Urea Indole Medium |
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| M1784-500G | EWC Diagnostics | 1 unit | EUR 45.31 |
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Description: *Urea Indole Medium |
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SIM Medium (Sulfite Indole Motility Medium) |
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| 49810 | Sisco Laboratories | 100 Gms | EUR 6.84 |
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Description: Part D |
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SIM Medium (Sulfite Indole Motility Medium) |
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| 49810-1 | Sisco Laboratories | 500 Gms | EUR 27.37 |
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Description: Part D |
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MlO Medium (Motility Indole Ornithine Medium) |
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| 88736 | Sisco Laboratories | 100 Gms | EUR 7.7 |
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Description: Part D |
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MlO Medium (Motility Indole Ornithine Medium) |
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| 88736-1 | Sisco Laboratories | 500 Gms | EUR 31.64 |
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Description: Part D |
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MIU Medium Base (Motility Indole Urea Medium) |
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| 16309 | Sisco Laboratories | 100 Gms | EUR 9.41 |
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Description: Part D |
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MIU Medium Base (Motility Indole Urea Medium) |
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| 16309-1 | Sisco Laboratories | 500 Gms | EUR 35.07 |
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Description: Part D |
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TERRESTRIAL (CYPRIPEDIUM) ORCHID MEDIUM W/OUT AMMONIUM NITRATE |
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| T839 | PhytoTechnology Laboratories | 10L | EUR 109.53 |
TERRESTRIAL (CYPRIPEDIUM) ORCHID MEDIUM W/OUT AMMONIUM NITRATE |
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| T842 | PhytoTechnology Laboratories | 10L | EUR 36.31 |
MIO HiVeg Medium (Motility Indole |
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| MV378-500G | EWC Diagnostics | 1 unit | EUR 42.31 |
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Description: MIO HiVeg Medium (Motility Indole |
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NLN Medium;w/ Vitamins;w/o Calcium nitrate, Sucrose & Agar |
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| PT094-10X1L | EWC Diagnostics | 1 unit | EUR 13.32 |
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Description: NLN Medium;w/ Vitamins;w/o Calcium nitrate, Sucrose & Agar |
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MIO Medium (Motility Indole Ornithine |
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| M378-500G | EWC Diagnostics | 1 unit | EUR 42.31 |
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Description: MIO Medium (Motility Indole Ornithine |
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Lysine Indole Motility Medium,Modified |
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| M1977-500G | EWC Diagnostics | 1 unit | EUR 46.9 |
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Description: Lysine Indole Motility Medium,Modified |
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Motility Indole Ornithine Medium (Powder) |
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| MBS652792-500g | MyBiosource | 500g | EUR 385 |
Motility Indole Ornithine Medium (Powder) |
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| MBS652792-5x500g | MyBiosource | 5x500g | EUR 1590 |
MIO Medium (Motility Indole Ornithine Me |
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| LQ295V-25X5ML | EWC Diagnostics | 1 unit | EUR 14.38 |
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Description: MIO Medium (Motility Indole Ornithine Me |
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MIO Medium (Motility Indole Ornithine Me |
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| M378-100G | EWC Diagnostics | 1 unit | EUR 15.93 |
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Description: MIO Medium (Motility Indole Ornithine Me |
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Indium nitrate |
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| I01070 | Pfaltz & Bauer | 10G | EUR 3504.57 |
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Description: CAS N° 13770-61-1 |
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Recombinant Nitratiruptor sp. Indole-3-glycerol phosphate synthase (trpC) |
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| MBS1192867-002mgBaculovirus | MyBiosource | 0.02mg(Baculovirus) | EUR 1145 |
Recombinant Nitratiruptor sp. Indole-3-glycerol phosphate synthase (trpC) |
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| MBS1192867-002mgEColi | MyBiosource | 0.02mg(E-Coli) | EUR 775 |
Recombinant Nitratiruptor sp. Indole-3-glycerol phosphate synthase (trpC) |
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| MBS1192867-002mgYeast | MyBiosource | 0.02mg(Yeast) | EUR 930 |
Recombinant Nitratiruptor sp. Indole-3-glycerol phosphate synthase (trpC) |
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| MBS1192867-01mgEColi | MyBiosource | 0.1mg(E-Coli) | EUR 935 |
Recombinant Nitratiruptor sp. Indole-3-glycerol phosphate synthase (trpC) |
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| MBS1192867-01mgYeast | MyBiosource | 0.1mg(Yeast) | EUR 1090 |
Indium(III) nitrate, 99.99% |
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| GX7637 | Glentham Life Sciences | 25g | EUR 746.17 |
Indium(III) nitrate, 99.99% |
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| GX7637-100 | Glentham Life Sciences | 100 | EUR 613.6 |
Indium(III) nitrate, 99.99% |
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| GX7637-25 | Glentham Life Sciences | 25 | EUR 195.6 |
Silver nitrate, 99.9999% |
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| GX9839 | Glentham Life Sciences | 10g | EUR 213.73 |
Silver nitrate, 99.9999% |
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| GX9839-10 | Glentham Life Sciences | 10 | EUR 202 |
ISA NITRATE |
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| ISA31 | Consort | ea | EUR 135 |
Nitrate Agar |
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| 23527 | Sisco Laboratories | 100 Gms | EUR 11.12 |
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Description: Part D |
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Nitrate Agar |
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| 23527-1 | Sisco Laboratories | 500 Gms | EUR 47.89 |
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Description: Part D |
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Lead nitrate |
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| L01975 | Pfaltz & Bauer | 500G | EUR 93.2 |
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Description: CAS N° 10099-74-8 |
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Nitrate Agar |
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| M072-500G | EWC Diagnostics | 1 unit | EUR 46.58 |
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Description: Nitrate Agar |
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NITRATE AGAR |
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| N14-107-10kg | Alphabiosciences | 10 kg | EUR 1563.6 |
NITRATE AGAR |
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| N14-107-2Kg | Alphabiosciences | 2 Kg | EUR 386.4 |
NITRATE AGAR |
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| N14-107-500g | Alphabiosciences | 500 g | EUR 148.8 |
ZINC NITRATE |
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| Z897 | PhytoTechnology Laboratories | 100G | EUR 46.65 |
Cesium nitrate, 99.999% |
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| GX3362 | Glentham Life Sciences | 10g | EUR 268.58 |
Cesium nitrate, 99.999% |
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| GX3362-10 | Glentham Life Sciences | 10 | EUR 143.2 |
Cesium nitrate, 99.999% |
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| GX3362-50 | Glentham Life Sciences | 50 | EUR 293.3 |
Sodium nitrate, 99.999% |
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| GX6161 | Glentham Life Sciences | 50g | EUR 414.9 |
Sodium nitrate, 99.999% |
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| GX6161-50 | Glentham Life Sciences | 50 | EUR 365.1 |
Silver nitrate, 99.999% |
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| GX8949 | Glentham Life Sciences | 10g | EUR 127.05 |
Silver nitrate, 99.999% |
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| GX8949-10 | Glentham Life Sciences | 10 | EUR 122.1 |
Nitrate Broth |
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| LQ083-25X5ML | EWC Diagnostics | 1 unit | EUR 10.42 |
|
Description: Nitrate Broth |
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Nitrate Broth |
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| LQ083-50X5ML | EWC Diagnostics | 1 unit | EUR 16.27 |
|
Description: Nitrate Broth |
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Nitrate Broth |
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| M439-100G | EWC Diagnostics | 1 unit | EUR 14.77 |
|
Description: Nitrate Broth |
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Nitrate Broth |
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| M439-500G | EWC Diagnostics | 1 unit | EUR 43.27 |
|
Description: Nitrate Broth |
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Nitrate Broth |
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| M439S-100G | EWC Diagnostics | 1 unit | EUR 14.77 |
|
Description: Nitrate Broth |
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Nitrate Broth |
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| M439S-500G | EWC Diagnostics | 1 unit | EUR 43.27 |
|
Description: Nitrate Broth |
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NITRATE BROTH |
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| N14-106-10kg | Alphabiosciences | 10 kg | EUR 1713.6 |
NITRATE BROTH |
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| N14-106-2kg | Alphabiosciences | 2kg | EUR 420 |
NITRATE BROTH |
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| N14-106-500g | Alphabiosciences | 500 g | EUR 157.2 |
Calcium nitrate 99.995% |
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| C01605 | Pfaltz & Bauer | 5G | EUR 160.72 |
|
Description: CAS N° 35054-52-5 |
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Silver Nitrate |
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| 41900044-1 | Bio-WORLD | 10 g | EUR 39.38 |
Silver Nitrate |
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| 41900044-2 | Bio-WORLD | 25 g | EUR 70.25 |
Silver Nitrate |
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| 41900044-3 | Bio-WORLD | 100 g | EUR 214.64 |
Silver Nitrate |
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| 41900044-4 | Bio-WORLD | 500 g | EUR 998.07 |
Sodium Nitrate |
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| 41900108-1 | Bio-WORLD | 500 g | EUR 186.43 |
Sodium Nitrate |
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| 41900108-2 | Bio-WORLD | 1 kg | EUR 276.81 |
Sodium Nitrate |
|||
| 41900108-3 | Bio-WORLD | 2.5 kg | EUR 482.43 |
Sodium Nitrate |
|||
| 41900108-4 | Bio-WORLD | 250 g | EUR 107.33 |
Sodium Nitrate |
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| 31616-45 | NACALAI TESQUE | 500G | EUR 12.95 |
Sodium Nitrate |
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| 31617-35 | NACALAI TESQUE | 500G | EUR 15.4 |
Silver Nitrate |
|||
| 31018-14 | NACALAI TESQUE | 250G | EUR 232.4 |
Silver Nitrate |
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| 31018-72 | NACALAI TESQUE | 25G | EUR 35 |
Silver Nitrate |
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| 31018-85 | NACALAI TESQUE | 500G | EUR 379.4 |
Silver Nitrate |
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| 31019-04 | NACALAI TESQUE | 250G | EUR 265.3 |
Silver Nitrate |
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| 31019-17 | NACALAI TESQUE | 10G | EUR 29.4 |
Silver Nitrate |
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| 31019-62 | NACALAI TESQUE | 25G | EUR 38.5 |
Silver Nitrate |
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| 31019-75 | NACALAI TESQUE | 500G | EUR 386.4 |
Silver Nitrate |
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| 31019-91 | NACALAI TESQUE | 1G | EUR 15.4 |
Barium Nitrate |
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| 03824-01 | NACALAI TESQUE | 1G | EUR 9.1 |
Barium Nitrate |
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| 03824-85 | NACALAI TESQUE | 500G | EUR 34.3 |
Silver Nitrate |
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| A3904-100G | Biomatik Corporation | 100G | EUR 424.6 |
|
Description: ACS |
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Silver Nitrate |
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| A3904-10G | Biomatik Corporation | 10G | EUR 61.6 |
|
Description: ACS |
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Silver Nitrate |
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| A3904-25G | Biomatik Corporation | 25G | EUR 107.8 |
|
Description: ACS |
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Sodium Nitrate |
|||
| A3916-100G | Biomatik Corporation | 100G | EUR 12.1 |
|
Description: High Purity |
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Sodium Nitrate |
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| A3916-500G | Biomatik Corporation | 500G | EUR 28.6 |
|
Description: High Purity |
|||
Silver Nitrate |
|||
| 01125-100 | Polysciences Europe GmbH | 100g | EUR 612.36 |
|
Description: 7761-88-8 |
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Silver Nitrate |
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| 01125-25 | Polysciences Europe GmbH | 25g | EUR 183.6 |
|
Description: 7761-88-8 |
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Barium nitrate |
|||
| BB0119 | Bio Basic | 1Kg | EUR 147.7 |
Silver nitrate |
|||
| GK7224 | Glentham Life Sciences | 5g | EUR 311.48 |
Silver nitrate |
|||
| GK7224-10 | Glentham Life Sciences | 10 | EUR 39.4 |
Silver nitrate |
|||
| GK7224-100 | Glentham Life Sciences | 100 | EUR 189.8 |
Silver nitrate |
|||
| GK7224-100G | Glentham Life Sciences | 100 g | EUR 265.2 |
Silver nitrate |
|||
| GK7224-10G | Glentham Life Sciences | 10 g | EUR 84 |
Silver nitrate |
|||
| GK7224-25 | Glentham Life Sciences | 25 | EUR 63.3 |
Silver nitrate |
|||
| GK7224-250 | Glentham Life Sciences | 250 | EUR 340.2 |
Silver nitrate |
|||
| GK7224-250G | Glentham Life Sciences | 250 g | EUR 447.6 |
Silver nitrate |
|||
| GK7224-25G | Glentham Life Sciences | 25 g | EUR 112.8 |
Silver nitrate |
|||
| GK7224-5 | Glentham Life Sciences | 5 | EUR 26.1 |
Silver nitrate |
|||
| GK7224-50 | Glentham Life Sciences | 50 | EUR 110.7 |
Silver nitrate |
|||
| GK7224-50G | Glentham Life Sciences | 50 g | EUR 170.4 |
Silver nitrate |
|||
| GK7224-5G | Glentham Life Sciences | 5 g | EUR 67.2 |
Sodium nitrate |
|||
| GK2648 | Glentham Life Sciences | 100g | EUR 25.46 |
Sodium nitrate |
|||
| GK2648-100 | Glentham Life Sciences | 100 | EUR 27.8 |
Sodium nitrate |
|||
| GK2648-100G | Glentham Life Sciences | 100 g | EUR 69.6 |
Cesium nitrate |
|||
| GRM5076-25G | EWC Diagnostics | 1 unit | EUR 28.21 |
|
Description: Cesium nitrate |
|||
Silver nitrate |
|||
| MB156-100G | EWC Diagnostics | 1 unit | EUR 332.27 |
|
Description: Silver nitrate |
|||
Silver nitrate |
|||
| MB156-10G | EWC Diagnostics | 1 unit | EUR 43.21 |
|
Description: Silver nitrate |
|||
Silver nitrate |
|||
| MB156-25G | EWC Diagnostics | 1 unit | EUR 94.98 |
|
Description: Silver nitrate |
|||
Sodium nitrate |
|||
| PCT0014-1KG | EWC Diagnostics | 1 unit | EUR 16.77 |
|
Description: Sodium nitrate |
|||
Sodium nitrate |
|||
| PCT0014-500G | EWC Diagnostics | 1 unit | EUR 9.36 |
|
Description: Sodium nitrate |
|||
Silver Nitrate |
|||
| PCT1307-100G | EWC Diagnostics | 1 unit | EUR 373.89 |
|
Description: Silver Nitrate |
|||
Silver Nitrate |
|||
| PCT1307-10G | EWC Diagnostics | 1 unit | EUR 48.56 |
|
Description: Silver Nitrate |
|||
Silver Nitrate |
|||
| PCT1307-25G | EWC Diagnostics | 1 unit | EUR 106.9 |
|
Description: Silver Nitrate |
|||
Pentyl Nitrate |
|||
| P227513 | Toronto Research Chemicals | 1g | EUR 288 |
|
Description: 1002-16-0 |
|||
Silver Nitrate |
|||
| S465015 | Toronto Research Chemicals | 10g | EUR 64 |
|
Description: 7761-88-8 |
|||
SODIUM NITRATE |
|||
| S802 | PhytoTechnology Laboratories | 1KG | EUR 191.05 |
Silver nitrate |
|||
| SB0479 | Bio Basic | 25g | EUR 170.66 |
Sodium nitrate |
|||
| SD0484 | Bio Basic | 500g | EUR 73.57 |
SILVER NITRATE |
|||
| S169 | PhytoTechnology Laboratories | 100G | EUR 63.52 |
Lithium Nitrate |
|||
| 20706-92 | NACALAI TESQUE | 25G | EUR 14 |
CALCIUM NITRATE |
|||
| C180 | PhytoTechnology Laboratories | 1KG | EUR 223.6 |
Lithium nitrate |
|||
| L04300 | Pfaltz & Bauer | 100G | EUR 281.12 |
|
Description: CAS N° 7790-69-4 |
|||
Strontium nitrate, 99.999% |
|||
| GX6363 | Glentham Life Sciences | 50g | EUR 447.95 |
Strontium nitrate, 99.999% |
|||
| GX6363-50 | Glentham Life Sciences | 50 | EUR 391 |
Samarium Nitrate |
|||
| 30431-01 | NACALAI TESQUE | 1G | EUR 16.8 |
Scandium Nitrate |
|||
| 30506-31 | NACALAI TESQUE | 1G | EUR 84.7 |
Rubidium Nitrate |
|||
| 30311-42 | NACALAI TESQUE | 25G | EUR 75.95 |
Ammonium Nitrate |
|||
| 40100204-1 | Bio-WORLD | 500 g | EUR 67.48 |
Taken collectively, these outcomes indicated that cell membrane nanofragments have been the nucleation website for mineral formation, and will doubtlessly be used as materials for manipulation of biomineralization.
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