Switchgrass ( Panicum virgatum L.) is a warm-season rhizome-like perennial grass that can tolerate various abiotic stresses while providing relatively high biomass, and is recognized as a leading biofuel feedstock for peripheral areas. Nitrogen (N) is crucial for switchgrass growth and development , and its tolerance to low N supply and high N utilization efficiency are very important for its production under poor conditions.
Large-scale cultivation of switchgrass on marginal land could be an effective approach to solving the problem of raw material supply for energy from biomass. This study used a hydroponic experiment to evaluate the effect of N-deficiency on switchgrass seedlings.
Three N treatments (0, 0.15, and 1.50 mmol L Hoagland’s solution) and six cultivars were used, three from each ecotype (upland and lowland). The results showed that biomass, leaf area, root surface area, net photosynthesis and total chlorophyll content decreased significantly under N-poor treatments compared to those in full strength Hoagland broth. However, once established, all plants survived extreme N-stress (0 mmol L ) and were partially productive. The Kanlow variety performed best of the six varieties under stress. Significant interactions between stress treatment and cultivars showed that breeding high-yielding cultivars with superior performance under N deficiency is justified. Lowland outperformed upland ecotypes under stress, suggesting that lowland cultivars can survive and be productive under a broader range of stress conditions . However, given the better adaptability of lowland ecotypes to hydroponic cultivation, further studies are needed.
introduction
Increasing energy security and mitigating climate change are the two main drivers that have pushed renewable energy generation to the top of the global agenda. They encourage agronomic production of biomass to meet renewable bioenergy needs.
- Perennial grasses are attractive as biomass sources because they can meet the agronomic, environmental, and social requirements for successful use as energy crops.
- Perennial rhizome-like grass is an ideal biofuel crop because of its agronomically desirable traits of broad climate tolerance , rapid growth rates, and relatively high yields. Additionally, perennial grasses have low nutrient requirements due to nutrient recycling through their rhizome systems . They are also rarely attacked by pests and can therefore be made with little or no pesticides .
- Given these unique advantages, interest in using biofuel crops for energy production is increasing. However, since China cannot afford to produce energy from biomass on its arable land, biofuel cultivation, in order to be competitive with conventional energy sources and avoid crowding out food crops, will likely be relegated to less productive soils and receive minimal water supply receive.
- Fertilizers and Pesticides. Therefore, peripheral areas can play an important role in the production of energy from biomass. It is estimated that the amount of marginal land that could be used for biofuel production in China is nearly 110 million hectares, of which about 45 million hectares would support economic operations. Abiotic pressures such as nutrient deficiencies, drought and high salinity in these areas are common factors limiting the production of biofuel crops.
Under environmental stress such as nitrogen (N) deficiency, which will be a major limiting factor for growing biofuel crops in Northwest and North China, plants show different adaptations at morphological, biochemical, molecular and physiological levels. It is imperative to update our knowledge of the tolerance of biofuel crops to various nutrient deficiency conditions to be expanded to allow continuous industrialization of biomass in peripheral areas. Efficient production of bioenergy from such marginal areas requires selection of the most stress-tolerant grass species. Biofuel crops are being screened or bred for superior traits and genetically modified for enhanced abiotic stress tolerance traits that will expand their acreage [6] . Accordingly, it is desirable to assess the responses of promising biofuel crops to N-deficiency stress and to identify cultivars best suited for biomass production under N-deficiency conditions.
Switchgrass ( Panicum virgatum L.) is a warm season rhizome forming perennial C4 grass native to the North American tall grass prairies.
Because of its broad adaptability, rapid growth rate, ability to grow on low-productivity soils, and ability to function as a component in a multipurpose cropping system, it is a leading dedicated biofuel feedstock candidate in the United States. It reacts strongly to N fertilizers and is often drought tolerant. It can effectively sequester carbon in the soil and provides excellent cover for wildlife. With many beneficial traits as energy crops, the Department of Energy’s Bioenergy Feedstock Development Program (BFDP) decided to focus research on a model crop system and focus research resources on switchgrass to quickly realize its maximum yield as a biomass crop .
There are two distinct ecotypes of switchgrass: lowland tetraploid and upland octoploid.
The lowland tetraploid ecotype originates primarily from the southern extent of the native range and the upland octoploid primarily from its mid-to-northern extent. Several dozen cultivated cultivars of each ecotype are commercially available, most of which are high-yielding selections from native populations. The species shows large differences in performance in relation to environmental variables, although lowland ecotypes typically produce larger yields than upland ecotypes.
Previous studies have mainly focused on the response of switchgrass biomass to N-nutrient suppl. The effect of N-deficiency on switchgrass has not been extensively studied, particularly in hydroponically cultivated seedlings, and knowledge of the effects of different levels of N-deficiency on agronomic traits , photosynthetic parameters, and chlorophyll content in switchgrass is limited.
Hoagland's Medium; Without Nitrogen
CP016-010
GenDepot
10X1L
118.8 EUR
Hoagland's Medium; Without Nitrogen
CP016-500
GenDepot
50L
151.2 EUR
Hoagland's Medium
CP015-010
GenDepot
10X1L
118.8 EUR
Hoagland's Medium
CP015-500
GenDepot
50L
151.2 EUR
Murashige and Skoog, Without nitrogen
CP034-010
GenDepot
10X1L
121.2 EUR
Murashige and Skoog, Without nitrogen
CP034-500
GenDepot
50L
151.2 EUR
500mL PF Medium without L-glutam
40-200-CV
Scientific Laboratory Supplies
PK6
198 EUR
MIAMI MEDIUM #1A CULTURE MEDIUM (WITH HUMAN
SERUM ALBUMIN, WITHOUT ANTIBIOTICS)
98-021-CV
CORNING
500 mL/pk
148.8 EUR
TRANSPLANT MEDIUM (CMRL 1066) WITHOUT PHENOL RED
99-663-CV
CORNING
500 mL/pk
68.4 EUR
FUNCTIONALITY/VIABILITY MEDIUM, CMRL 1066 (WITHOUT GLUCOSE)
99-786-CV
CORNING
500 mL/pk
175.2 EUR
isa nitrogen oxide
ISA52
Consort
ea
109.2 EUR
YEAST NITROGEN BASE
Y25-104-10kg
Alphabiosciences
10 kg
6818.4 EUR
YEAST NITROGEN BASE
Y25-104-2kg
Alphabiosciences
2kg
1528.8 EUR
YEAST NITROGEN BASE
Y25-104-500g
Alphabiosciences
500 g
459.6 EUR
nitrogen oxides electrode
ISE52B
Consort
ea
574.8 EUR
Nitrogen Std 0.1% w/w
NH01WW01
Scientific Laboratory Supplies
100ML
48 EUR
Yeast Nitrogen Base 100gm
239210
Scientific Laboratory Supplies
EACH
120 EUR
Urea Nitrogen Standard, 1ML
C089-1ML
Arbor Assays
1ML
144 EUR
Urea Nitrogen Standard, 250UL
C089-250UL
Arbor Assays
250UL
85 EUR
Nitrogen Total 0.0 to25.0mg/l
WAT1068
Scientific Laboratory Supplies
EACH
175.2 EUR
Total Nitrogen Std 1000ppm (N)
TN1H
Scientific Laboratory Supplies
500ML
416.4 EUR
LN20 Liquid Nitrogen Generator
SLS6150
Scientific Laboratory Supplies
EACH
47980.8 EUR
LN30 Liquid Nitrogen Generator
SLS6154
Scientific Laboratory Supplies
EACH
61689.6 EUR
LN65 Liquid Nitrogen Generator
SLS6158
Scientific Laboratory Supplies
EACH
78825.6 EUR
10 L MEDIUM 199 (MOD.), POWDER WITH EARLE'S SALTS WITHOUT SODIUM BICARBONATE, L-GLUTAMINE, AND PHENOL RED
90-050-PB
CORNING
10 L/pk
93.6 EUR
IceOff Liquid Nitrogen Drizzler
API-IceOff-01
MiTeGen
each
324 EUR
IceOff Liquid Nitrogen Drizzler
TE
MiTeGen
1 UNIT
324 EUR
Nitrogen test 0.5 to 15mg/L
WAT4336
Scientific Laboratory Supplies
PK25
198.45 EUR
Side wall Manual Nitrogen Tap
CAB1562
Scientific Laboratory Supplies
EACH
785.97 EUR
Automatic Liquid Nitrogen Filler
M-CEM-37454
MiTeGen
1 UNIT
3850 EUR
LN20AC Liquid Nitrogen Generator
SLS6148
Scientific Laboratory Supplies
EACH
70402.8 EUR
LN30AC Liquid Nitrogen Generator
SLS6152
Scientific Laboratory Supplies
EACH
65116.8 EUR
LN65AC Liquid Nitrogen Generator
SLS6156
Scientific Laboratory Supplies
EACH
85680 EUR
NG1-0 nitrogen gas generator
SLS6010
Scientific Laboratory Supplies
EACH
6168.96 EUR
NG1-1 nitrogen gas generator
SLS6012
Scientific Laboratory Supplies
EACH
6426.16 EUR
NG3-0 nitrogen gas generator
SLS6014
Scientific Laboratory Supplies
EACH
7454.98 EUR
NG3-1 nitrogen gas generator
SLS6016
Scientific Laboratory Supplies
EACH
8397.62 EUR
NG5-0 nitrogen gas generator
SLS6018
Scientific Laboratory Supplies
EACH
7798.35 EUR
NG5-1 nitrogen gas generator
SLS6020
Scientific Laboratory Supplies
EACH
8739.69 EUR
NG6-0 nitrogen gas generator
SLS6022
Scientific Laboratory Supplies
EACH
10281.6 EUR
NG6-1 nitrogen gas generator
SLS6024
Scientific Laboratory Supplies
EACH
13708.8 EUR
TRITON2 Liquid Nitrogen Generator
SLS6142
Scientific Laboratory Supplies
EACH
40215.09 EUR
Total Nitrogen Std 5ppm as N
TOTN05-500
Scientific Laboratory Supplies
500ML
231.6 EUR
Nitrogen Std Solution 0.64% w/w
NH064WW01
Scientific Laboratory Supplies
100ML
214.12 EUR
Total Nitrogen Std 100ppm as N
TOTN100-500
Scientific Laboratory Supplies
500ML
332.4 EUR
Blood Urea Nitrogen Detection Kit
SKT-213-192
Stressmarq
2 plates of 96 wells
513.6 EUR
Nitrogen Total HR 10 to 150mg/l
WAT1070
Scientific Laboratory Supplies
EACH
195.6 EUR
Nitrogen Std in Extracting Reagent
NER01
Scientific Laboratory Supplies
1L
120.12 EUR
Rat Blood Urea Nitrogen ELISA kit
E02B0697-192T
BlueGene
192 tests
1524 EUR
Rat Blood Urea Nitrogen ELISA kit
E02B0697-48
BlueGene
1 plate of 48 wells
624 EUR
Rat Blood Urea Nitrogen ELISA kit
E02B0697-96
BlueGene
1 plate of 96 wells
822 EUR
Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) Assay Kit
abx090684-100tests
Abbexa
100 tests
284.4 EUR
Dog Blood Urea Nitrogen ELISA kit
E08B0697-192T
BlueGene
192 tests
1524 EUR
Dog Blood Urea Nitrogen ELISA kit
E08B0697-48
BlueGene
1 plate of 48 wells
624 EUR
Dog Blood Urea Nitrogen ELISA kit
E08B0697-96
BlueGene
1 plate of 96 wells
822 EUR
Pig Blood Urea Nitrogen ELISA kit
E07B0697-192T
BlueGene
192 tests
1524 EUR
Pig Blood Urea Nitrogen ELISA kit
E07B0697-48
BlueGene
1 plate of 48 wells
624 EUR
Pig Blood Urea Nitrogen ELISA kit
E07B0697-96
BlueGene
1 plate of 96 wells
822 EUR
Goat Blood Urea Nitrogen ELISA kit
E06B0697-192T
BlueGene
192 tests
1524 EUR
Goat Blood Urea Nitrogen ELISA kit
E06B0697-48
BlueGene
1 plate of 48 wells
624 EUR
Goat Blood Urea Nitrogen ELISA kit
E06B0697-96
BlueGene
1 plate of 96 wells
822 EUR
Nitrogen Determination Assembly Quickfit
Q280MC
Scientific Laboratory Supplies
EACH
628.8 EUR
Human Blood Urea Nitrogen ELISA kit
E01B0697-192T
BlueGene
192 tests
1524 EUR
Human Blood Urea Nitrogen ELISA kit
E01B0697-48
BlueGene
1 plate of 48 wells
624 EUR
Human Blood Urea Nitrogen ELISA kit
E01B0697-96
BlueGene
1 plate of 96 wells
822 EUR
Mouse Blood Urea Nitrogen ELISA Kit
DEIABL-M3
Creative Diagnostics
96T
752.4 EUR
Mouse Blood Urea Nitrogen ELISA kit
E03B0697-192T
BlueGene
192 tests
1524 EUR
Mouse Blood Urea Nitrogen ELISA kit
E03B0697-48
BlueGene
1 plate of 48 wells
624 EUR
Mouse Blood Urea Nitrogen ELISA kit
E03B0697-96
BlueGene
1 plate of 96 wells
822 EUR
Total Nitrogen standard 10ppm as N
TOTN10-500
Scientific Laboratory Supplies
500ML
229.2 EUR
Total Nitrogen standard 50ppm as N
TOTN50-500
Scientific Laboratory Supplies
500ML
190.8 EUR
TRITON2 PLUS Liquid Nitrogen Generator
SLS6144
Scientific Laboratory Supplies
EACH
43868.16 EUR
Rabbit Blood Urea Nitrogen ELISA kit
E04B0697-192T
BlueGene
192 tests
1524 EUR
Rabbit Blood Urea Nitrogen ELISA kit
E04B0697-48
BlueGene
1 plate of 48 wells
624 EUR
Rabbit Blood Urea Nitrogen ELISA kit
E04B0697-96
BlueGene
1 plate of 96 wells
822 EUR
Monkey Blood Urea Nitrogen ELISA kit
E09B0697-192T
BlueGene
192 tests
1524 EUR
Monkey Blood Urea Nitrogen ELISA kit
E09B0697-48
BlueGene
1 plate of 48 wells
624 EUR
Monkey Blood Urea Nitrogen ELISA kit
E09B0697-96
BlueGene
1 plate of 96 wells
822 EUR
ZNG1-0 zero nitrogen gas generator
SLS6038
Scientific Laboratory Supplies
EACH
7283.94 EUR
ZNG1-1 zero nitrogen gas generator
SLS6040
Scientific Laboratory Supplies
EACH
7798.35 EUR
ZNG3-0 zero nitrogen gas generator
SLS6042
Scientific Laboratory Supplies
EACH
8568.65 EUR
ZNG3-1 zero nitrogen gas generator
SLS6044
Scientific Laboratory Supplies
EACH
10281.6 EUR
Nitrogen-Phosphorus Pesticides Mix E
5252-E
Scientific Laboratory Supplies
1ML
580.8 EUR
Nitrogen-Phosphorus Pesticides Mix D
5252-PD
Scientific Laboratory Supplies
1ML
392.4 EUR
YEAST NITROGEN BASE W/O AMINO ACID
Y25-105-10kg
Alphabiosciences
10 kg
3340.8 EUR
YEAST NITROGEN BASE W/O AMINO ACID
Y25-105-2Kg
Alphabiosciences
2 Kg
772.8 EUR
YEAST NITROGEN BASE W/O AMINO ACID
Y25-105-500g
Alphabiosciences
500 g
254.4 EUR
LN20AC Compact Liquid Nitrogen Generator
SLS6146
Scientific Laboratory Supplies
EACH
67269.6 EUR
Rat Blood urea nitrogen(BUN)ELISA Kit
YLA0103RA-48T
Shanghai YL Biotech
48T
465 EUR
Rat Blood urea nitrogen(BUN)ELISA Kit
YLA0103RA-96T
Shanghai YL Biotech
96T
600 EUR
Goat Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)ELISA Kit
QY-E140051
Qayee Biotechnology
96T
495.6 EUR
Corning 96 Well Black Medium Bind Low Volume Stripwell Microplate 25 per Bag without Lid Nonsterile
2482
Scientific Laboratory Supplies
PK100
956.4 EUR
Corning 96 Well White Medium Bind Low Volume Stripwell Microplate 25 per Bag without Lid Nonsterile
2484
Scientific Laboratory Supplies
PK100
997.2 EUR
Corning 96 Well White Polystyrene Medium Bind Stripwell Microplate 25 per Bag without Lid Nonsterile
3913
Scientific Laboratory Supplies
PK100
858 EUR
Corning 96 Well Black Polystyrene Medium Bind Stripwell Microplate 25 per Bag without Lid Nonsterile
3914
Scientific Laboratory Supplies
PK100
858 EUR
Human Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) ELISA Kit
QY-E05723
Qayee Biotechnology
96T
433.2 EUR
ANG1-0 air and nitrogen gas generator
SLS6026
Scientific Laboratory Supplies
EACH
6598.5 EUR
ANG1-1 air and nitrogen gas generator
SLS6028
Scientific Laboratory Supplies
EACH
6769.54 EUR
ANG3-0 air and nitrogen gas generator
SLS6030
Scientific Laboratory Supplies
EACH
7627.32 EUR
ANG3-1 air and nitrogen gas generator
SLS6032
Scientific Laboratory Supplies
EACH
8568.65 EUR
The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance and reproductive potential of six cultivars of the two ecotypes in response to N-deficiency stress and provide some theoretical basis for growing relatively high-yielding switchgrass on soils with low fertility and for breeding on high ones N content to create efficiency use.
Leave a Comment